Momentum is a vector quantity: it has both magnitude and direction. Since momentum has a direction, it can be used to predict the resulting … 展开

Lorentz invariance
Newtonian physics assumes that absolute time and space exist outside of any observer; this gives rise to 展开

Particle in a field
In Maxwell's equations, the forces between particles are mediated by electric and magnetic fields. The … 展开

Conservation in a continuum
In fields such as fluid dynamics and solid mechanics, it is not feasible to follow the motion of individual atoms or molecules. Instead, the materials … 展开

Newton's laws can be difficult to apply to many kinds of motion because the motion is limited by constraints. For example, a bead on an abacus is constrained to move along its wire and a pendulum bob is constrained to swing at a fixed distance from the pivot. Many … 展开

In quantum mechanics, momentum is defined as a self-adjoint operator on the wave function. The Heisenberg uncertainty principle defines … 展开

Impetus
John Philoponus
In about 530 AD, John Philoponus developed a concept of momentum in On Physics, a commentary to 展开