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    Wikipedia
    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stratum_(linguistics)

    Stratum (linguistics) | Wikipedia

    In linguistics, a stratum (Latin for "layer") or strate is a historical layer of language that influences or is influenced by another language through contact. The notion of "strata" was first developed by the Italian linguist Graziadio Isaia Ascoli (1829–1907), and became known in the English-speaking world … 展开

    Substratum

    A substratum (plural: substrata) or substrate is a language that an intrusive language influences, which may or may not ultimately change it to become a new language. The term is also used of substrate interference, … 展开

    Superstratum

    A superstratum (plural: superstrata) or superstrate offers the counterpart to a substratum. When a different language influences a base … 展开

    See also

    • Language shift
    • Language transfer
    • Trans-cultural diffusion
    • Pre-Greek substrate
    • Graziadio Isaia Ascoli 展开

    时间线
    late Roman era
    The Gaulish speech disappeared
    1932
    The notion of "strata" became known in the English-speaking world through the work of two different authors.
    1881
    Graziadio Isaia Ascoli argued that the early phonological development of French and other Gallo-Romance languages was shaped by the retention by Celts of their "oral dispositions" even after they had switched to Latin.
    1884
    Hugo Schuchardt's related but distinct concept of creole languages was used to counter Mueller's view.
    1870
    Max Mueller articulated the viewpoint that there are no mixed languages.
    1932
    The notion of "creole languages" was used to counter Mueller's view.
    1986
    Matsumoto Katsumi published a paper on the Kodai nihongoboin soshikikõ: naiteki saiken no kokoromi.
    1990
    Benedict, Paul K. published a book on Japanese/Austro-Tai.
    1994
    Cravens, Thomas D. published a paper on Substratum.
    1994
    Vovin, Alexander published a paper on Long-distance relationships, reconstruction methodology and the origins of Japanese.
    Adstratum

    An adstratum (plural: adstrata) or adstrate is a language that influences another language by virtue of geographic proximity, not by virtue of … 展开

    Further reading

    • Benedict, Paul K. (1990). Japanese/Austro-Tai. Ann Arbor: Karoma.
    • Cravens, Thomas D. (1994). "Substratum". The … 展开

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  2. 维基百科
    https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/層_(語言學)

    層 (語言學) | 维基百科，自由的百科全书

  3. Wikipedia
    https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stratum_(linguistics)

    Stratum (linguistics) | Simple English Wikipedia, the free …

    标记:
    Stratum
    Linguistics
  4. 维基百科
    https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/層_(語言學)

    層 (語言學) - 維基百科，自由的百科全書 | zh.wikipedia.org

  5. Wikipedia
    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stratification_(linguistics)

    Stratification (linguistics) | Wikipedia

    标记:
    Language Stratification
    Linguistics
  6. Wikiwand
    https://www.wikiwand.com/en/articles/Stratification_(linguistics)

    Stratification (linguistics) | Wikiwand

    标记:
    Language Stratification
    Stratificational Phonology
  7. Wikipedia
    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Systemic_functional_linguistics

    Systemic functional linguistics | Wikipedia

    标记:
    Michael Halliday
    Systemic Functional Linguistics
  8. britannica.com
    https://www.britannica.com/topic/stratificational-grammar

    stratificational grammar | Encyclopedia Britannica

  9. 维基百科
    https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-hans/層_(語言學)

    层 (语言学) - 维基百科，自由的百科全书 | zh.wikipedia.org

  10. stanford.edu
    https://web.stanford.edu/~kiparsky/Papers/taipei.2014.pdf
    [PDF]

    Stratal OT: A synopsis and FAQs | Stanford University

    标记:
    Correspondence Theory
    Ot Phonology Analysis
    Phonology Faq
    Stratal OT
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